The Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are ancient water distribution networks that use gravity to channel water from underground sources and springs to support agriculture and communities in the arid landscape.
Oman: Bahla Fort and Grand Mosque
We had spent two nights at a Bedouin desert camp and it was now time to continue our tour of Oman.
After breakfast, we packed up and started our journey north towards the city of Nizwa, where we would be staying for a couple of nights. Along the way, I planned to stop and visit Bahla Castle.
It took us about two-and-a-half hours to reach Bahla, which is a small town, so the castle was visible several kilometres before our arrival. We parked up and made our way into the castle.
By the time we arrived, it was lunchtime, so before beginning to look around the castle we found the ubiquitous café that every fort in Oman seems to have for a coffee and a piece of cake.
Now a bit more about the castle itself.
Bahla Castle holds great cultural and architectural significance in Oman, the significance of which was recognised by its listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is one of the oldest and most impressive forts in the Arabian Peninsula. The castle, believed to have been built as early as the 12th century, features a combination of traditional Omani architectural styles with Islamic influences. Its extensive walls, watchtowers, and strategic location on the foothills of the Jebel Akhdar mountains make it a significant symbol of the region’s historical defence and social importance. The castle complex includes several structures, such as residential areas, courtyards, and storage rooms, which offer insights into the lifestyle of its former inhabitants. The castle’s construction is a remarkable example of the ingenuity and craftsmanship of Omani builders. The castle is primarily made of mud bricks, a material that was abundant in the region and provided effective insulation against the harsh desert climate. Over time, the castle has undergone several renovations, with the most notable being during the 17th century. That renovation work continues to this day.
After finishing our refreshment, we set out to look around. There was no clear tour route, so we just started to wander around, visiting the numerous rooms, towers and walkways. It was a bit of a maze, truth be told – which made it all the more interesting. There were not many other visitors at the castle, so it was great to feel unrushed and take photos without waiting for people to move out of the way.
Most of the rooms were empty, but there was a room set aside for pottery classes and a display on doors – but that was about it. All the forts we had seen in Oman were like this; beautifully restored exteriors, but little done with interiors.
In the main structure inside the castle, it was possible to climb to a rooftop space where there were fantastic views of the inside of the castle walls, as well as Bahla town and the mountains beyond.
Touring the castle had been an interesting experience, but we were not done as the entry ticket also covered a visit to the Grand Mosque, which was located just outside the castle walls.
Before entering the mosque, Karen had to borrow a gown from the wardrobe to cover her body and head.
The Grand Mosque of Bahla is believed to have been established during the reign of the ruling Nabhani dynasty, around the 13th century. The Nabhani dynasty, which ruled Oman for several centuries, is credited with fostering the growth of Islamic culture and religious institutions in the region.
The mosque was constructed during a period of prosperity for Bahla, as it was an important trading and agricultural hub in Oman. The Nabhani dynasty was known for its architectural achievements, and the Grand Mosque of Bahla was built as both a place of worship and a symbol of the religious and cultural importance of the town.
The mosque is renowned for its traditional Omani architectural style, which reflects the Islamic architectural heritage of the region. It is made from local materials, including stone and mud brick, and features a large prayer hall, a central courtyard, and an open-air space for communal worship.
One of the most striking features of the Grand Mosque of Bahla is its large, well-maintained minaret.
Over the centuries, the mosque has undergone various renovations and restorations to preserve its historical integrity and functionality. Particularly in the 20th century, the Sultanate of Oman embarked on a program of renovating and restoring key cultural landmarks across the country, including religious structures like the Grand Mosque of Bahla.
Inside the mosque were several display panels covering topics such as history, Islam, and renovation projects. In places, the rendering on the walls had been left so you could see the mud walls underneath. There was also a glass floor panel, to expose the foundations of the original mosque.
It was such a peaceful and serene space, and it was made all the better that we were the only people there.
Finishing up at the Grand Mosque we made our way back to the car and set off for Nizwa, where we would be staying for the next two nights.
Planning your visit
Getting There
Location:
- Coordinates: 22.9640° N, 57.3004° E
- About 40 km (25 miles) from Nizwa
- Approximately 200 km (124 miles) from Muscat
🚗 By Car (from Muscat):
- Take Route 15 (Muscat Expressway) towards Nizwa (~1.5–2 hours).
- From Nizwa, continue west on Route 21 toward Bahla (~30 minutes).
- Follow the signs to Bahla Fort — parking is available near the fort.
Total Driving Time: ~2 hours 30 minutes
🚌 By Bus:
- Oman National Transport Company (Mwasalat) operates buses from Muscat to Nizwa.
- From Nizwa, you can take a local taxi to Bahla (~30 minutes).
🚖 By Taxi:
- You can hire a taxi or use a ride-hailing app like OTaxi for a direct trip.
- A taxi from Muscat to Bahla would cost approximately OMR 20–30 (~$50–80), depending on the time and negotiation.
The best time to visit Bahla Fort
The best time to visit Bahla, Oman is during the winter months from November to March. This is when the weather is most pleasant, with daytime temperatures ranging between 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F) and cooler evenings, making it comfortable for exploring the town’s historic sites and outdoor attractions.
Seasonal Breakdown:
- November to March (Winter) – Ideal weather with mild temperatures and low humidity. Perfect for sightseeing and outdoor activities like exploring Bahla Fort and the nearby mountains.
- April to May (Spring) – Temperatures start to rise, but it’s still manageable for early morning and late afternoon outings. Daytime highs range from 30°C to 38°C (86°F to 100°F).
- June to September (Summer) – Extremely hot, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F). Not ideal for tourism due to intense heat.
- October (Fall) – Temperatures begin to drop, making it more comfortable, though some afternoons can still be hot.
Where to stay in Nizwa
1. Mid Range: Bait Almuallem By Nomad
Bait Almuallem by Nomad is a recently renovated guesthouse nestled in the heart of Nizwa, Oman, just a short walk from the historic Nizwa Fort. This heritage inn offers air-conditioned rooms equipped with modern amenities and free Wi-Fi, ensuring a comfortable stay for guests. The property features a terrace where visitors can relax and enjoy the ambiance of the old town. Guests have praised the inn for its authentic Omani architecture, cozy atmosphere, and the exceptional hospitality of the host, Adnan, who is known for being responsive and accommodating. The inn’s prime location allows easy access to local attractions, making it an ideal choice for travelers seeking an immersive cultural experience in Nizwa.
2. Luxury – IntercityHotel Nizwa
IntercityHotel Nizwa is a modern and stylish hotel located in the historic city of Nizwa, Oman, known for its rich cultural heritage and scenic mountain views. The hotel offers a blend of contemporary comfort and traditional Omani hospitality, making it a popular choice for both business and leisure travelers. Featuring well-appointed rooms and suites, the hotel provides amenities such as free Wi-Fi, a rooftop swimming pool with panoramic views, a fitness center, and multiple dining options serving both local and international cuisine. Its strategic location offers easy access to popular attractions like Nizwa Fort, the traditional souq, and the stunning Hajar Mountains. With its modern design, excellent service, and prime location, IntercityHotel Nizwa provides a comfortable and memorable stay for guests exploring the heart of Oman.
3. Etra Inn
Etra Inn is a charming accommodation located in Nizwa, Oman, just a short walk from the historic Nizwa Fort. Guests can enjoy spacious, tastefully decorated rooms equipped with modern amenities, including private bathrooms and air conditioning. The inn features a serene garden where visitors can relax and savor their breakfast. With its proximity to Nizwa’s vibrant souq and other attractions, Etra Inn offers an authentic and comfortable stay for travelers seeking to explore the rich cultural heritage of the city.
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