Turkey: Historical Istanbul

September 4, 2025
Turkey
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İstanbul is represented on the UNESCO World Heritage List by four main areas: Sultanahmet Archaeological Park (including Hippodrome of Constantine, Hagia Sophia, Hagia Irene, Little Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace), Süleymaniye Conservation Area, Zeyrek Conservation Area and Land Walls Conservation Area.

1. Sultanahmet Archaeological Park

Topkapi Palace
Topkapi Palace, located in the heart of Istanbul overlooking the Bosphorus, is a magnificent symbol of the Ottoman Empire’s power and grandeur. Built in the 15th century by Sultan Mehmed II after the conquest of Constantinople, it served as the administrative center and royal residence of Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years. The palace complex covers approximately 700,000 square meters and features a series of courtyards, lush gardens, and opulent pavilions. Its highlights include the Imperial Harem, where the sultan’s family resided, the Treasury, which houses the famous Spoonmaker’s Diamond and the Topkapi Dagger, and the Sacred Relics Chamber, which holds religious artefacts, including Prophet Muhammad’s cloak and sword. The palace’s intricate tilework, gilded ceilings, and breathtaking views of the Bosphorus reflect the artistic and architectural mastery of the Ottoman era.

Hagia Sofia
Hagia Sophia, located in Istanbul, Turkey, is an architectural masterpiece that has stood as a symbol of cultural and religious transformation for over 1,500 years. Originally built in 537 AD during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it served as the world’s largest cathedral and the heart of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for nearly a millennium. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, it was converted into a mosque, blending Islamic elements with its original Christian features. In 1935, it was secularized and turned into a museum, reflecting Turkey’s modernizing reforms. Most recently, in 2020, it was reconverted into a mosque.

Our visit to Hagia Sophia was truly unforgettable. As we stepped inside, we were immediately struck by the grandeur of its massive dome and the way light filtered through the windows, casting a golden glow over the ancient mosaics and calligraphy. Walking through the vast interior, we could feel the layers of history. The mix of Christian and Islamic artistry was breathtaking, and it was humbling to stand in a place that has witnessed centuries of change.

Hagia Irene
Hagia Irene, located in Istanbul, Turkey, is one of the oldest churches in the city and holds significant historical and architectural value. Built in the 4th century during the reign of Emperor Constantine I, it originally served as the first church of the Eastern Roman Empire before the construction of Hagia Sophia. Unlike many other Byzantine structures, Hagia Irene was never converted into a mosque, allowing much of its original Christian architecture to remain intact. It is notable for its simple yet imposing structure, large dome, and absence of elaborate mosaics found in other Byzantine churches. Today, Hagia Irene serves as a museum and concert hall, offering visitors a rare glimpse into early Byzantine ecclesiastical design and history.

Little Hagia Sophia
The Little Hagia Sophia, originally known as the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, is a historic architectural gem located in Istanbul, Turkey. Built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I in the early 6th century, it served as a model and architectural precursor to the grand Hagia Sophia. This elegant structure showcases early Byzantine architectural innovation, featuring a central dome supported by an octagonal base, richly decorated marble columns, and intricate carvings. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque, and today it continues to function as a place of worship while also attracting visitors for its historical and architectural significance.

Hippodrome of Constantine
The Hippodrome of Constantine, located in the ancient city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), was a grand arena that served as a center for social and political life during the Byzantine Empire. Originally built by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus in the 3rd century and later expanded by Emperor Constantine the Great in the 4th century, it was modeled after the Circus Maximus in Rome. The Hippodrome was primarily used for chariot races, which were immensely popular among the citizens, and could hold tens of thousands of spectators. Beyond entertainment, it was also a place where emperors addressed the public, demonstrated imperial power, and where political factions—like the Blues and Greens—vied for influence. Though much of the original structure has been lost to time, remnants like the Obelisk of Theodosius and the Serpent Column still stand today in Istanbul’s Sultanahmet Square, preserving the legacy of this iconic monument.

2. Süleymaniye Conservation Area

Süleymaniye Mosque
The Süleymaniye Mosque, perched atop one of Istanbul’s seven hills, is one of the most magnificent examples of Ottoman architecture. Commissioned by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent and designed by the renowned architect Mimar Sinan, it was completed in 1557. The mosque combines grandeur with harmonious proportions, featuring a vast central dome flanked by semi-domes and supported by elegant minarets. Its interior is spacious and serene, adorned with subtle Iznik tiles and intricate calligraphy. Beyond its religious function, the mosque complex originally included schools, a hospital, a library, and a public kitchen, reflecting the Ottoman vision of a mosque as a center of community life.

Bozdoğan Aqueduct
The Bozdoğan Aqueduct, also known as the Valens Aqueduct, is a striking remnant of Roman engineering located in Istanbul, Turkey. Constructed in the late 4th century during the reign of Emperor Valens, it was part of a sophisticated water supply system that delivered fresh water to the city of Constantinople. Stretching over 900 meters in its original form, the aqueduct spans the valley between the hills of the historic city, supported by a series of massive stone arches. Despite centuries of natural disasters, wars, and urban development, parts of the aqueduct still stand today, gracefully integrated into the modern cityscape. It serves as a powerful symbol of the continuity between Istanbul’s ancient past and its vibrant present.

Kalenderhane Mosque
Built on top of a fifth or sixth-century Roman bath complex, the Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa was built in the twelfth century during the Komnenian Dynasty and functioned as a Greek Orthodox Byzantine church until 1453. In 1453, after the conquest of Constantinople, the church was assigned to the Kalenderi Dervishes and they used the structure as a zaviye (Islamic religious school) and imaret (soup kitchen).

In 1746, Hacı Beşir Ağa – chief eunuch of the Topkapı Palace in the first half of the eighteenth century – converted it into a mosque by adding mihrab, minbar, and mahfil. The structure was restored several times due to the fires took place in the late nineteenth century, yet it still functions as a mosque.

Kalenderhane Mosque has a Greek Cross plan supported by a dome with sixteen ribs. The medium of the structure is a typical middle Byzantine architecture, which is a combination of layers of brick and stone masonry.

Vefa Church Mosque
Vefa Church-Mosque (Turkish Vefa Kilise Camii/Molla Gürani Camii) was a Middle Byzantine church in Constantinople, north of the Valens of Aqueduct. It is a typical cross-in-square with a tripartite bema, a nine-bay naos with the central bay topped by an elegant dome, and a three-bay narthex. While it has traditionally been identified as the church of St. Theodore, its identity is uncertain. It seems that it was converted into a mosque by Sheikh al-Islam Mullah Gürani during the reign of Mehmet II or Beyazid II.

It probably dates to the 11th or 12th century. Several additions were made in the Palaiologan era (perhaps in the 13th century), the most important of which was a five-bay outer narthex with three domes. A belfry, whose base survives, was added at the same period in the southwestern corner of the building. The two-story annex on the north side predates the construction of the exonarthex. A similar structure is found in the Monastery of Chora. Nineteenth-century drawings show that there was a chapel or a colonnaded portico, which has since disappeared, attached to the south of the church. It was accessed by a large tripartite opening, which is now blocked by masonry. The date of this structure is debated.

3. Zeyrek Conservation Area

Zeyrek Mosque
Originally built in the 12th century as the Monastery of the Pantokrator, it was one of the most significant religious and cultural centers of the Byzantine Empire. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the complex was converted into a mosque, renamed Zeyrek after a local Islamic scholar. Notable for its elegant brick and stone architecture, multiple domes, and intricate mosaics, the mosque stands as a rare example of Byzantine architecture adapted for Islamic worship. Today, it is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and continues to serve both as a place of worship and a symbol of Istanbul’s layered history.

Zeyrek Çukur Çeşme
The Zeyrek Çukur Çeşme, located in Istanbul’s Zeyrek district, is a distinctive Ottoman-era sunken fountain situated in front of the Molla Zeyrek Mosque. This structure features a Saliha Sultan Sıbyan Mektebi (primary school) above it, exemplifying the architectural integration of educational and public utility spaces. The fountain is accessed via a descent of approximately 5 meters below street level, designed to harness one of the city’s scarce natural water sources by increasing water flow. This design is rare in Istanbul, with only a few similar examples existing.

Zeyrek Çinili Hamam
The Zeyrek Çinili Hamam is renowned for its stunning tilework and rich architectural heritage. Dating back to the 16th century, it was commissioned by Hayreddin Barbarossa, the famed Ottoman admiral, and reflects the classical design elements of Ottoman bathhouses. The name “Çinili” refers to the intricate İznik tiles that once adorned its interiors, showcasing vivid blues and elaborate floral patterns. Recently restored, the hamam offers a unique glimpse into Istanbul’s cultural past, blending traditional bathing rituals with a renewed focus on preservation and public engagement.

4. Istanbul Land Walls Conservation Area
The Istanbul Land Walls Conservation Area encompasses the historic fortifications that have protected the city since the 5th century. Constructed during Emperor Theodosius II’s reign, these formidable walls stretch over six kilometers, featuring a complex defense system of inner and outer walls punctuated by towers and gates. Throughout history, they have withstood numerous sieges and natural disasters, bearing testament to Istanbul’s strategic significance. Recognizing their cultural and historical value, UNESCO inscribed the Land Walls as part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul World Heritage Site in 1985.

Getting around Istanbul

Getting around Istanbul is relatively easy and affordable, thanks to its well-developed public transportation network and variety of transport options. Here’s a guide for tourists:

🚇 Public Transportation

1. Metro

Covers major areas of Istanbul, including connections to the airport and business districts.
Operates from 6:00 AM to midnight.
Purchase an Istanbulkart (rechargeable smart card) for convenience and discounts.

2. Tram

The T1 line (Kabataş to Bağcılar) is the most useful for tourists, covering key historic sites like Sultanahmet, Hagia Sophia, Topkapi Palace, and Grand Bazaar.
Trams run frequently and are fast and reliable.

3. Bus

Buses cover areas not reached by metro or tram.
Can get crowded during peak hours.
Use the Istanbulkart for payment.

4. Ferries

Istanbul’s ferries provide scenic and practical transport between the European and Asian sides of the city.
Key routes: Eminönü to Kadıköy and Üsküdar.

🚖 Taxis and Ride-Sharing

1. Taxis

Yellow taxis are widely available, but ensure the driver uses the meter.
Use ride-hailing apps like BiTaksi or Uber to avoid overcharging.

2. Uber

Uber operates in Istanbul and offers both regular and premium options.

🚶 Walking

Many historic areas (like Sultanahmet and the Grand Bazaar) are pedestrian-friendly.
Be prepared for steep hills and uneven cobblestones.

🚈 Funicular and Cable Cars

The Tünel funicular connects Karaköy and Beyoğlu (operating since 1875).
The TF1 Cable Car takes you to the panoramic viewpoint of Pierre Loti Hill.

Eating out for vegans in Istanbul

While Istanbul might not be the most vegan-friendly city in the world, there are still plenty of high-quality options to choose from.

Vegan Community Kitchen
Located in the heart of the colourful neighbourhood of Balat, this tiny little hole in the wall is run by a delightful woman who uses family recipes to make mouthwatering Turkish vegan dishes.
– Address: Ayvansaray, Lavanta Sk. No:14

Mama Bowl Kitchen
Mama Bowl Kitchen in Istanbul’s Kadıköy district offers a fusion of Turkish and European flavours in healthy, homemade bowls, emphasising fresh, high-quality ingredients and catering to vegan and vegetarian preferences
– Address: Caferağa, Keresteci Aziz Sk.

Vegan Bakkal Moda
Vegan Bakkal Moda is a specialty store located in the heart of Istanbul’s Kadıköy district, offering a wide range of vegan products, including plant-based cheeses, meats, and dairy alternatives. Beyond food items, the shop also provides vegan cosmetics, supplements, and eco-friendly household products, making it a one-stop destination for those seeking cruelty-free and sustainable options. Visitors have praised the store for its extensive selection and the convenience of finding diverse vegan products in one place.
– Address:Caferağa Mh, Bademaltı Sk. No:38/C

Wegain
Wegain is a cherished vegetarian and vegan Turkish restaurant nestled in Istanbul’s vibrant Cihangir neighbourhood. Owned and operated by a family trio—two sisters and a daughter/niece—the establishment offers a warm, homely atmosphere that reflects their dedication to plant-based cuisine. The menu boasts a variety of classic Turkish dishes, including stuffed peppers, vine leaves, fava, and lentil meatballs, all crafted with fresh, wholesome ingredients. Patrons frequently praise the restaurant’s offerings; one reviewer noted the “excellent food, very reasonable prices, and wonderful family running it,” highlighting their attentiveness to guests’ preferences. Beyond its delectable cuisine, Wegain is also renowned for its vegan desserts, such as vegan baklava, which have garnered acclaim from visitors. Situated on Boğazkesen Street, Wegain not only provides delightful meals but also offers a glimpse into Istanbul’s rich cultural tapestry, making it a must-visit for those seeking authentic Turkish vegan dining experiences.
– Address:Firuzağa, Boğazkesen Cd. 74/A

Vegan Dükkan Lokanta
Vegan Dükkan Lokanta is a cozy, all-vegan eatery in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, offering a variety of plant-based dishes like spaghetti with vegan meatballs, tofu katsu curry, and smoked eggplant. Established 18 years ago, it promotes a cruelty-free and healthy lifestyle. The restaurant provides dine-in, takeaway, and pickup options, and also runs a vegan shop selling products to support a vegan lifestyle. It’s open daily from 10 AM to 9 PM.
– Address: Sıraselviler Cad. Cihangir Mah. Soğancı Sok. No:8 34433, Beyoğlu

Vegan Istanbul
Vegan Istanbul is a family-owned vegan café located in the vibrant Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, specifically at Firuzağa, Türkgücü Cd. No:51. Renowned for its generous portions and affordable prices, the café offers a variety of freshly prepared vegan dishes that cater to both local and international palates. Patrons can enjoy a buffet-style selection, allowing them to choose from multiple options, typically priced around 50 TL. The establishment is also praised for its vegan baklava, a delightful twist on the traditional Turkish dessert. The warm and friendly atmosphere, coupled with the owners’ dedication to quality, makes Vegan Istanbul a must-visit spot for those seeking delicious plant-based cuisine in the city.
– Address:Firuzağa, Türkgücü Cd. No:51A, 34425 Beyoğlu/İstanbul, Türkiye

Vegan Masa
Vegan Masa is a renowned vegan restaurant in Istanbul, Turkey, offering authentic Turkish cuisine with a plant-based twist. Located in Beşiktaş, with another branch in Kadıköy, the restaurant serves a variety of traditional dishes such as lahmacun and pide made with vegan meat and cheese, as well as local desserts like kadayıf.
– Address:Türkali, Mısırlı Bahçe Sk. No: 8/A, 34357 Beşiktaş/İstanbul, Türkiye

The best time to visit Istanbul

Istanbul has a moderate climate with four distinct seasons:

🌸 Spring (March to May):

Temperature: 8°C to 20°C (46°F to 68°F)
Mild and pleasant, with blooming flowers and longer daylight hours.
Light layers and a jacket are recommended, as evenings can be cool.

☀️ Summer (June to August):

Temperature: 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F)
Hot and humid, especially in July and August.
Lightweight, breathable clothing and sun protection are essential.

🍁 Autumn (September to November):

Temperature: 12°C to 25°C (54°F to 77°F)
Mild and comfortable with fewer crowds.
Light layers are ideal as temperatures can drop in the evening.

❄️ Winter (December to February):

Temperature: 3°C to 12°C (37°F to 54°F)
Cool and rainy, with occasional snow.
A warm coat, scarf, and umbrella are necessary.

stay

Where to stay in Istanbul

1. Mid Range: Menar Hotel & Suites

Menar Hotel & Suites is a boutique hotel located in Istanbul’s historic Sultanahmet district, within walking distance of landmarks such as the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace. The hotel offers eight distinct room types, each decorated in warm Turkish-style decor and equipped with modern amenities like flat-screen TVs, air conditioning, and laptop-sized safes. Some rooms feature private hammams, terraces, gardens, or fully equipped kitchens. Guests can enjoy a rich breakfast at the Menar Lounge, which offers views of the Marmara Sea, and take advantage of services like free Wi-Fi, complimentary snacks, concierge assistance, car hire, ticket service, and airport pickup. The hotel has received positive reviews for its cleanliness, comfort, and exceptional service, with guests praising the friendly and helpful staff, as well as the hotel’s central location, which offers easy access to Istanbul’s attractions.

2. Luxury – Azzap Hotel Galata

Azzap Hotel Galata is a boutique hotel situated in the heart of Istanbul’s historic center, offering guests a unique blend of traditional charm and modern comfort. The hotel is housed in a lovingly restored 1900s building, featuring original architecture complemented by contemporary design elements.

The hotel’s prime location places guests within walking distance of iconic landmarks such as the Galata Tower and the Bosphorus, making it an ideal base for exploring the city’s rich cultural heritage.

Guests can enjoy a variety of dining options at the hotel’s rooftop restaurant and bar, which offers panoramic views of the Golden Horn and the Old City. The restaurant serves both traditional and international cuisine, providing a delightful culinary experience amidst stunning city vistas.

3. Budget – Crowned Plus Hotel

The Crowned Plus Hotel is a 2-star establishment situated in the heart of Istanbul, offering guests convenient access to the city’s rich historical and cultural sites. Located within a short walk from iconic landmarks such as the Hagia Sophia and Topkapi Palace, the hotel provides an ideal base for travelers eager to explore the city’s heritage. Guests can start their day with a complimentary buffet breakfast served daily from 7:00 AM to 10:00 AM. The hotel also offers amenities like complimentary Wi-Fi throughout the property and a 24-hour front desk to assist with any needs. For those interested in exploring beyond the immediate vicinity, the hotel provides tour and excursion programs both within and outside of Istanbul. Additionally, a two-way transfer service is available from both Istanbul and Sabiha Gokcen Airports, ensuring a seamless travel experience for guests. The Crowned Plus Hotel combines comfort, convenience, and accessibility, making it a suitable choice for visitors looking to immerse themselves in the vibrant culture and history of Istanbul.