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Capital city: Rome
Government system: Parliamentary republic
Surface area: 301,340 km²
Population: Approximately 59 million
Languages spoken: Italian (official), with recognised regional languages and dialects
Major religions: Predominantly Roman Catholic, with small Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim communities
Country Overview
Italy is a country in Southern Europe, renowned for its rich history, cultural heritage, and natural beauty. Its capital city, Rome, has been a centre of civilisation for over two thousand years, home to the ancient Roman Empire and the heart of the Catholic Church through Vatican City. Italy is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, balancing democratic institutions with a long-established political framework. The country covers about 301,000 square kilometres, stretching across the Italian Peninsula, large islands such as Sicily and Sardinia, and numerous smaller islands, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. Its location and diverse landscapes include the Alps in the north, fertile plains, rolling hills, and long coastlines, shaping both its economy and its way of life.
With a population of around 60 million people, Italy is among the most populous countries in Europe. The majority of Italians speak Italian, though regional languages and dialects such as Sicilian, Sardinian, and Venetian remain important elements of cultural identity. Italian society places strong emphasis on family and community ties, which continue to influence both social and economic life. Major cities such as Rome, Milan, Naples, and Florence stand as cultural and economic hubs, each known for their contributions to fashion, art, architecture, and commerce. Milan is a global capital of design and fashion, Florence is the birthplace of the Renaissance, Naples is famed for its music and cuisine, while Rome combines ancient monuments with a modern European lifestyle.
Religion has long played an important role in Italy, with Roman Catholicism being the dominant faith practised by the majority of the population. The presence of the Vatican, an independent state within Rome, highlights the global religious significance of the country. Italy’s culture is also strongly reflected in its cuisine, widely regarded as one of the most influential in the world, with pasta, pizza, and regional wines recognised internationally. The country continues to balance its deep-rooted traditions with its place as a modern European nation, maintaining a strong identity while participating actively in international organisations such as the European Union, NATO, and the United Nations. This combination of history, culture, and modernity makes Italy a nation that continues to captivate visitors and scholars alike.
USEFUL INFORMATION
Currency & banking
Currency
Official Currency: Euro (EUR), symbolised as “€” and abbreviated as “EUR.”
Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents, and €1 and €2.
Banknotes: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200, and €500 are in circulation, though the €200 and €500 notes are less commonly used in everyday transactions.
Currency Exchange
Currency can be exchanged at:
Banks
Currency exchange offices (available in major cities and tourist hubs)
Hotels (generally less favourable rates)
ATMs are widely available across cities, towns, and even smaller villages, typically offering good exchange rates.
Credit & Debit Cards
Widely accepted in: Hotels, restaurants, shops, and most tourist services in urban and well-visited areas.
Less common in: Small family-run businesses, local markets, and remote rural areas, where cash is often preferred.
Visa and Mastercard are the most widely accepted cards. American Express is accepted in some larger hotels, international chains, and higher-end establishments.
Tipping
💶 Tipping in Italy
Tipping in Italy is not as formalised as it is in some other countries, and visitors are often pleasantly surprised to find that it is neither compulsory nor expected in most situations. Service staff are generally paid a fair wage, and Italians themselves usually leave small, modest tips rather than large percentages. That said, a gesture of appreciation is always welcome when you feel you have received particularly good service.
🍝 Restaurants and Cafés
In many restaurants, a “coperto” (cover charge) is added to the bill, which covers bread and table service. This means that tipping is not strictly required. However, it is common for diners to leave a few extra euros in cash, especially if the service was friendly or attentive. In cafés and bars, rounding up to the nearest euro or leaving some small change on the counter is considered polite.
🚖 Taxis and Transport
Taxi drivers do not expect tips, but rounding up the fare to the nearest euro is a simple and appreciated gesture. For longer journeys, such as airport transfers, adding a couple of euros is a nice way to show thanks.
🧳 Hotels and Tours
In hotels, tipping is not obligatory, but leaving a euro or two per bag for porters and a few euros for housekeeping is customary if you are satisfied with the service. On guided tours, a small tip for the guide—typically €5–10 per person for a half-day tour, and a little more for a full day—is common practice when the experience has been enjoyable.
Getting around
🚆 Getting Around Italy
Italy offers a wide variety of transport options, making it relatively easy for visitors to travel between cities and explore different regions. From high-speed trains to local buses, ferries and car hire, the country’s transport system is generally reliable and well-developed.
🚄 Trains
The train network is one of the most popular ways to travel across Italy. High-speed trains such as Frecciarossa, Frecciargento, and Italo connect major cities like Rome, Florence, Milan, Venice and Naples in just a few hours. Regional and intercity trains link smaller towns and are often more affordable. Tickets can be purchased online, at stations, or via mobile apps. It is important to validate regional tickets in the machines before boarding, as fines for unvalidated tickets can be steep.
🚌 Buses and Trams
In cities, buses and trams are common and usually inexpensive. Major cities like Rome, Milan, Florence and Turin have extensive networks, although they can be crowded at peak times. Tickets are bought at kiosks, ticket machines or tobacconists and must be validated once on board. For intercity travel, long-distance coach companies offer routes connecting many towns and regions, often at lower prices than trains.
🚇 Metro
Only a handful of Italian cities have metro systems, with Rome, Milan, Naples and Turin being the main ones. Metros are generally efficient and faster than surface transport, particularly during busy hours in large cities.
🚗 Driving and Car Hire
Hiring a car is a good option for exploring the countryside, smaller villages, and areas not well served by trains or buses, such as Tuscany, Sicily or the Dolomites. Roads are usually well maintained, though city traffic can be heavy and parking limited. Motorways (autostrade) are tolled, and fuel is relatively expensive compared to other European countries. Drivers should be prepared for Italian driving styles, which can be assertive.
🚖 Taxis and Ride-Hailing
Taxis are available in most cities but can be costly. Official taxis are white with a visible taxi sign. They are usually found at taxi ranks or booked by phone, as hailing one on the street is less common. Ride-hailing services such as Uber operate in some larger cities, although availability is limited compared to other countries.
⛴ Ferries and Boats
Ferries connect the mainland with islands such as Sicily, Sardinia, and Capri, as well as smaller islands in the Venetian and Neapolitan bays. In Venice, public waterbuses (vaporetti) are the main way to get around, while private water taxis are a faster but more expensive option.
Health advice
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🏥 Health Advice for Tourists in Italy
Travelling to Italy is generally safe, with a good standard of healthcare available throughout the country. However, it is always wise to take a few precautions to ensure a smooth and healthy trip.
🩺 Healthcare System
Italy has both public and private healthcare facilities. Public hospitals usually provide reliable care, but English may not always be widely spoken, particularly outside major cities. Private clinics often have English-speaking staff, though costs can be higher. EU and UK citizens should carry a Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which entitles them to necessary treatment in state facilities at reduced cost or sometimes free. Travel insurance with medical cover is strongly recommended, especially for non-EU travellers, as private healthcare and medical repatriation can be expensive.
💊 Pharmacies and Medicines
Pharmacies (farmacie) are widely available, easily identified by a green cross sign. They are well stocked, and pharmacists are usually knowledgeable and can provide advice or over-the-counter remedies. Prescription medicines from home may not be available under the same brand name, so it is best to bring an adequate supply, along with a copy of your prescription in case of loss.
🌞 Common Health Considerations
Italy’s climate varies, but in summer the heat can be intense, particularly in cities such as Rome, Florence, and Naples. Stay hydrated, wear sunscreen, and avoid excessive midday sun exposure. In winter, especially in the north and mountainous regions, cold weather requires suitable clothing. Tap water is safe to drink across most of the country, and bottled water is inexpensive and widely sold if preferred.
🚑 Emergency Numbers
The emergency number for ambulance services is 118, and you can also dial 112, the general European emergency number, to reach assistance.
Safety
🛡️ Safety Advice for Tourists in Italy
Italy is generally a safe country for visitors, but like in any popular tourist destination, it’s wise to stay alert and take sensible precautions. Petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag-snatching can occur, particularly in crowded places, on public transport, and near major landmarks in cities like Rome, Florence, Milan, and Naples. Keep your belongings close to you, avoid carrying large amounts of cash, and consider using a money belt or cross-body bag.
When travelling by train or bus, be particularly cautious at busy stations and when boarding or leaving vehicles, as thieves often take advantage of the bustle. In some areas, scams may be attempted, including distraction techniques or unofficial taxi services charging excessive fares. Always use licensed taxis, and if driving, watch out for aggressive driving styles and scooters weaving between lanes.
Italy is prone to occasional natural events such as earthquakes or volcanic activity near Naples, Sicily, and other southern regions. While risks are low, it’s worth being aware of local safety guidance. Follow instructions from local authorities if any alerts occur. At the seaside, observe flag warnings for swimming safety, as some coastal areas can have strong currents.
📞 Emergency Numbers in Italy
General Emergency (Police, Fire, Medical): 112
Police (direct): 113
Fire Brigade: 115
Ambulance/Medical Emergencies: 118
If you dial 112, the call will connect you to a multilingual operator who can direct your call to the relevant emergency service.
Climate
Italy’s climate varies greatly depending on the region. The north tends to have colder winters with snow in the Alps and milder summers, while central regions such as Tuscany and Rome experience hot summers and cool, damp winters. The south, including Sicily and the islands, enjoys a Mediterranean climate with long, hot summers and mild winters. Coastal areas remain pleasant year-round, while inland regions can experience greater extremes in temperature.
📊 Climate Summary Table
| Region | Winter (Dec–Feb) | Spring (Mar–May) | Summer (Jun–Aug) | Autumn (Sep–Nov) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North (Milan, Alps, Venice) | Cold, snow in mountains, fog in plains | Mild, rainy | Warm to hot, occasional storms | Cool, wet |
| Central (Rome, Florence, Tuscany) | Cool, damp | Pleasant, blossoming landscapes | Hot, sunny, sometimes humid | Mild, rainy |
| South & Islands (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia) | Mild, rarely cold | Warm, ideal for sightseeing | Very hot, dry | Warm, gradual cooling |
🎒 Packing Tips
Winter (North): Warm layers, waterproof boots, coat, gloves, and scarves, especially for skiing or mountain visits.
Spring: Light jacket, layers, and umbrella, as showers are common.
Summer: Lightweight clothing, sun hat, sunglasses, sunscreen, and comfortable walking shoes. Airy, breathable fabrics are essential in the south.
Autumn: Layered clothing, waterproof shoes, and a rain jacket for unexpected showers.
Always carry a reusable water bottle in summer to stay hydrated, and note that religious sites require modest dress (covered shoulders and knees).
🗓️ Best Time to Visit
The best times to visit Italy are spring (April–June) and autumn (September–October). During these months, the weather is generally warm and pleasant, without the intense summer heat or heavy tourist crowds. These seasons are also perfect for outdoor sightseeing, exploring historic towns, and enjoying festivals.
For those interested in skiing, the winter months (December–March) are ideal in the Alps and Dolomites, while July and August are best for a beach holiday, though coastal resorts can be crowded.
Visa information
🛂 Visa Information for Tourists Visiting Italy
Travelling to Italy requires different visa arrangements depending on your nationality and the length of your stay. Italy is part of the Schengen Area, which means it follows the common visa rules for member countries.
🌍 Visa-Free Travel
UK citizens, along with nationals of many non-EU countries, can enter Italy without a visa for short stays of up to 90 days within a 180-day period. This applies for tourism, family visits, and some business purposes. Your passport must be valid for at least three months beyond your intended departure date from the Schengen zone.
📝 Schengen Visa
Travellers who are not eligible for visa-free entry must apply for a Schengen Visa before arrival. This visa allows entry into Italy and other Schengen countries for up to 90 days. Applications should be submitted at the Italian embassy or consulate in your home country, and you will typically need to provide:
A valid passport
Proof of accommodation and travel plans
Evidence of sufficient funds
Travel insurance covering medical emergencies
⏳ Long Stays and Other Purposes
For stays longer than 90 days, or for purposes such as work, study, or residence, you will need to apply for a National Visa (Visto Nazionale) through the Italian authorities. Additional documents and permits may be required depending on your situation.
📌 Useful Tips
Always check the most up-to-date requirements before travelling, as visa rules can change.
Keep copies of your travel documents in case of loss or theft.
Ensure your travel insurance meets Schengen requirements, with a minimum cover of €30,000.
Electrical
Which power plugs and sockets are used in Europe?
In Europe, the power plugs and sockets are of type F. The standard voltage is 230 V and the standard frequency is 50 Hz. Check out the following pictures.
Type F: also known as “Schuko”. This socket also works with plug C and plug E.
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| Type F: This socket also works with plug C and E |