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Capital City: Lima
Government System: Unitary presidential republic
Surface Area: 1,285,216 km²
Population: Approximately 34 million
Languages Spoken: Spanish (official), Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages
Major Religions: Roman Catholicism (predominant), Protestant Christianity, and indigenous beliefs
Country Overview
Peru is a diverse and vibrant country that sits on the western edge of South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile, with a long stretch of coastline along the Pacific Ocean. Its landscapes are strikingly varied, ranging from arid desert plains to towering Andean peaks and deep stretches of Amazon rainforest. Peru’s cultural history is just as rich as its geography, with a heritage rooted in ancient civilisations such as the Inca, whose legacy is still evident in the ruins of Machu Picchu, Cusco’s cobbled streets, and countless other archaeological sites scattered across the country.
Modern Peru is a country that balances tradition with development. In the cities, visitors will find bustling markets, colonial architecture, and lively food scenes, particularly in Lima which has become a global culinary capital. Outside urban areas, traditional communities continue to live in ways that have changed little over centuries, sustaining indigenous languages, clothing, and crafts. This duality between the modern and the traditional is one of Peru’s most captivating aspects for travellers.
Tourism plays a significant role in the Peruvian economy, and visitors are drawn to a combination of natural wonders, cultural depth, and unique adventures. From trekking the Inca Trail, exploring Lake Titicaca, to navigating the Amazon basin, Peru offers experiences that appeal to both history lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. It is a country where the past is never far from the present, and every journey brings a new perspective on its diverse identity.
USEFUL INFORMATION
Currency & banking
💰 Currency Overview
Peru’s official currency is the Peruvian Nuevo Sol (PEN), often referred to simply as the “sol.” It is divided into 100 céntimos. Banknotes and coins are widely used across the country, though in rural areas cash is much more prevalent than electronic transactions. The sol is stable, though visitors are encouraged to check daily exchange rates as they can fluctuate modestly. Credit cards are accepted in most urban centres, but not universally, so it is always useful to have cash at hand.
💵 Banknotes and Coins
Peru issues coins in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 céntimos, as well as 1, 2, and 5 soles. Banknotes are issued in values of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 soles. The notes are brightly coloured and feature historical figures alongside images of Peru’s cultural and natural heritage. Coins are widely used for small purchases, especially in markets and public transport, while larger notes are typically used in restaurants, hotels, and shopping. Tourists should carry a mix of denominations as breaking large notes can sometimes be difficult, especially in small towns.
💱 Currency Exchange
Currency exchange is straightforward in Peru, with exchange houses (casas de cambio) commonly found in cities and towns. Banks also offer exchange services, though they may have slightly less competitive rates and longer queues. US dollars are the most commonly exchanged foreign currency, and many businesses, particularly in tourist areas, will accept them directly. It is best to avoid exchanging money with street changers for safety reasons, and to use only licensed outlets. ATMs provide local currency, but transaction fees may apply.
💳 Credit Cards
Major credit cards such as Visa and Mastercard are accepted in hotels, restaurants, and larger shops, especially in Lima, Cusco, and other tourist hubs. However, some small businesses, local markets, and transport operators may only accept cash. Foreign transaction fees and local surcharges can apply, so it is advisable to notify your bank of your travel plans and carry a secondary card in case of difficulties. Always check before ordering in restaurants or making purchases whether cards are accepted.
🏧 ATMs
ATMs are widely available in Peruvian cities and larger towns, though they may be scarce in remote areas. Machines typically dispense soles, though some also allow withdrawals in US dollars. Fees per transaction can vary and are usually applied both by the local bank and your home bank, so withdrawing larger sums less frequently is advisable. It is recommended to use ATMs located inside banks, malls, or secure areas rather than those on the street. Daily withdrawal limits are commonly set around 700–800 soles.
Tipping
🍽️ Tipping in Restaurants
Tipping in Peruvian restaurants is appreciated but not always obligatory. A 10% service charge is often added to bills in larger establishments, but in more casual settings diners may choose to round up the bill or leave a small tip of around 5–10%. For high-end restaurants, a gratuity of 10–15% is customary. Carrying small notes or coins makes leaving tips much easier.
🏨 Tipping in Hotels
In hotels, it is common to tip porters around 2–3 soles per bag. Housekeeping staff may be tipped 5–10 soles per night, left in the room. In more upscale hotels, a gratuity for concierge services of around 10–20 soles is considered polite. While tipping is not compulsory, it is a valued gesture that supports service workers who often rely on tips for additional income.
🚖 Tipping in Taxis
Taxi drivers in Peru generally do not expect tips, as fares are usually agreed in advance and paid in cash. However, rounding up the fare to the nearest sol is a courteous practice, particularly for shorter journeys. For longer transfers, such as from airports or during arranged tours, an additional 5–10 soles may be appreciated if the service was especially good.
🧭 Tipping Guides and Drivers
For tour guides, a tip of 20–30 soles per day is customary, while drivers may receive 10–20 soles per day, depending on the length of the journey and level of service. In group tours, contributions are often pooled, so it is useful to have small notes available. Private guides may expect a slightly higher tip, reflecting the personal attention provided.
Communications
📶 Public WiFi
Public WiFi is increasingly available in Peru, especially in tourist areas, airports, and cafes in cities like Lima and Cusco. Speeds can vary, and connections may not always be secure, so tourists should avoid using public WiFi for sensitive transactions such as banking. A VPN is recommended for added security when connecting to public networks.
🏨 Hotel WiFi
Most hotels, hostels, and guesthouses in Peru provide WiFi, often free of charge. In upscale hotels, the connection tends to be more reliable, whereas in rural areas speeds can be slow or connections unstable. Some budget accommodations may only provide WiFi in communal areas rather than in rooms. It is best to check availability when booking.
📱 Mobile Networks and SIM Cards
Mobile networks in Peru cover cities and towns well, but service may drop in remote areas such as the Andes or Amazon. Major providers include Claro, Movistar, and Entel. Tourists can purchase prepaid SIM cards easily at airports or in city shops, with passport identification required. Data packages are reasonably priced, and topping up credit can be done at kiosks, supermarkets, and online. Using a local SIM is the most cost-effective way to stay connected.
Getting around
🚌 Buses
Long-distance buses are a popular way to travel in Peru, connecting major cities and towns. Companies range from budget to luxury services, with overnight routes available. Reputable companies such as Cruz del Sur offer comfort and safety, with reclining seats and meal services. Booking in advance is recommended during busy seasons.
🚖 Taxis
Taxis are widely available, but they are unregulated. It is best to use official taxi companies or ride-hailing apps such as Uber or Cabify rather than hailing a cab on the street. Fares should always be agreed upon before departure, as meters are rarely used. In major cities, taxis are an affordable and efficient way to travel short distances.
✈️ Domestic Flights
Given Peru’s geography, domestic flights are often the most practical way to cover large distances quickly. Airlines such as LATAM, Sky Airline, and Viva Air operate routes between Lima, Cusco, Arequipa, and other cities. Tickets are generally affordable if booked in advance, though delays can occur, particularly during peak travel periods.
🚞 Trains
Trains in Peru are limited but offer iconic journeys, such as the route from Cusco to Machu Picchu (Aguas Calientes) and the luxury trains to Puno and Arequipa. Services are operated by PeruRail and IncaRail, with options ranging from standard seating to luxury carriages. Train journeys are scenic and comfortable but should be booked ahead of time.
🚤 Boats
In the Amazon region and around Lake Titicaca, boats are a primary means of transport. Local ferries, speedboats, and organised tours connect communities and tourist destinations. Travel times can be long, but the journeys themselves are often part of the adventure. Safety standards vary, so using reputable operators is recommended.
checks. Drivers who offer an officer some money to smooth things along consider it a ‘gift’ or ‘on-the-spot fine’ to get on their way. Readers should know that these transactions are an unsavory reality in Peru and Lonely Planet does not condone them.
Health advice
💉 Health Advice – Suggested Vaccines
| Vaccine | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Hepatitis A | Strongly recommended |
| Typhoid | Recommended |
| Yellow Fever | Required for Amazon regions |
| Hepatitis B | For long stays or medical work |
| Rabies | For rural or extended outdoor travel |
| Routine vaccines | Ensure up to date (MMR, tetanus, etc.) |
🦟 Diseases
Travellers may encounter mosquito-borne illnesses such as dengue, malaria, and yellow fever in Amazon areas. Preventive measures, including repellents and mosquito nets, are strongly advised.
🏥 Potential Health Issues
Altitude sickness is a major concern when visiting Cusco, Puno, or other highland areas. Acclimatisation, hydration, and local remedies such as coca tea can help. Stomach upsets are also common due to food and water differences, so stick to bottled water and avoid raw produce.
🏨 Healthcare Standards
Healthcare in Lima and other large cities is adequate, with private clinics offering better standards than public hospitals. Rural areas have limited facilities, so medical evacuation insurance is recommended.
🛡️ Insurance
Comprehensive travel insurance is essential, covering healthcare, medical evacuation, theft, and cancellations. Policies should specifically cover high-altitude trekking if you plan to hike the Inca Trail or similar routes.
Safety
🛑 Crime
Petty theft and pickpocketing are the most common risks in Peru, particularly in crowded places such as bus terminals, markets, and tourist hotspots. Visitors should carry only what they need, keep valuables secure, and be cautious in unfamiliar areas. Violent crime is less common but can occur, especially at night.
⚠️ General Safety Issues
Altitude sickness is a major health concern in destinations such as Cusco, Puno, and Huaraz. Tourists should acclimatise slowly and stay hydrated. Road conditions can vary widely, and traffic accidents are not uncommon, so caution is advised when travelling overland. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and landslides occasionally occur.
📜 Local Laws
Tourists should carry identification at all times, ideally a photocopy of their passport. Drug laws are strict, with severe penalties for possession. Cultural heritage laws protect artefacts, and removing items from archaeological sites is illegal. Drones may require permits for use in certain areas. Always respect local customs, especially in indigenous communities.
| Emergency Numbers | Service |
|---|---|
| 105 | Police |
| 106 | Ambulance |
| 116 | Fire Brigade |
| 110 | Highway Emergencies |
Climate
🌸 Climate Advice – Seasons
Peru’s climate is highly varied. The coast is mild and dry, with little rain. The Andes have two seasons: dry (May to September) and wet (October to April). The Amazon is hot and humid year-round, with heavy rains in the wet season.
🎒 Packing Tips
Pack for different climates if travelling widely. Warm clothing is needed for the Andes, light breathable clothes for the Amazon, and a mix for the coast. A rain jacket and sturdy shoes are essential.
📅 Best Time to Visit
The best time is during the dry season (May–September), particularly for trekking and outdoor activities. However, this is also the busiest period, so advance booking is vital.
📊 Climate Summary Table
| Region | Best Season | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Coast | Dec–Mar | Warm, sunny, best for beaches |
| Andes | May–Sep | Dry, clear skies, ideal trekking |
| Amazon | May–Sep | Less rain, more accessible |
Visa information
🛂 Visa Types
Most tourists receive a visa-free entry permit on arrival, valid for up to 90 days, depending on nationality. For longer stays, or for work and study, a formal visa is required.
🌐 Useful Websites
Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: www.rree.gob.pe
Migraciones Peru: www.migraciones.gob.pe
Electrical
All power sockets in Peru provide a standard voltage of 220V with a standard frequency of 60Hz.
Which power plugs and sockets are used in Peru?
In Peru, the power plugs and sockets are of type A and C. Check out the following pictures. When living in the United Kingdom you will need a power plug adapter for sockets type A and C.
Your appliances with plug G don’t fit sockets A or C.
Type A – Mostly used in the US, Canada, Mexico, Central America, China and Japan. No other plug types will fit in a type A outlet.
Type C – The standard European plug. Commonly used in Europe, South America and Asia, but also in quite a few other countries. Plugs of type E and F will also fit in a type C outlet.