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Capital city: Ankara
Government system: Presidential Republic
Surface Area: 783,562 km²
Population: Around 85 million (2025 estimate)
Languages Spoken: Turkish (official), Kurdish and other minority languages
Major Religions: Islam (predominantly Sunni), small Christian and Jewish minorities
Country Overview
Turkey is a fascinating country that straddles two continents, Europe and Asia, with the majority of its landmass lying in Asia but a significant portion in southeastern Europe. This unique geography has given Turkey a blend of cultural influences that are visible in its architecture, cuisine, traditions, and way of life. The country has a long and layered history, stretching back to ancient civilisations such as the Hittites, Greeks, and Romans, followed by the Byzantines and Ottomans. Today, Turkey is modern yet deeply rooted in tradition, where bustling bazaars sit alongside contemporary shopping malls, and centuries-old mosques exist next to lively cafés.
The landscape of Turkey is equally diverse, offering the sandy beaches of the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, the rugged mountains of the east, and the surreal rock formations of Cappadocia. Istanbul, the country’s largest city, is an international hub where East meets West, both geographically and culturally. However, the capital city Ankara plays a central role in politics and administration, serving as the seat of government. Beyond the major cities, rural Turkey reveals an entirely different pace of life, with farming villages, traditional crafts, and stunning natural scenery waiting to be explored.
For visitors, Turkey offers a wealth of experiences ranging from exploring ancient ruins like Ephesus and Troy, to enjoying a hot air balloon ride over Cappadocia or relaxing in a traditional hammam. The cuisine is another highlight, with rich flavours influenced by Ottoman, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean traditions. Turkish hospitality is legendary, and travellers will often find locals eager to share tea, conversation, and insights about their culture. This combination of history, culture, natural beauty, and warm people makes Turkey a destination that leaves a lasting impression.
USEFUL INFORMATION
Currency & banking
💰 Currency Overview
Turkey’s currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY), symbolised as ₺. It has undergone several reforms over the years, most notably in 2005 when six zeros were removed to stabilise the value. Inflation continues to affect the lira, so visitors should keep in mind that exchange rates can fluctuate quite rapidly. Prices are generally affordable compared with much of Europe, but costs vary depending on whether you are in tourist-heavy areas or less visited parts of the country.
🪙 Denominations
The lira is available in banknotes and coins. Banknotes come in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 TRY, each with distinct colours to avoid confusion. Coins, known as kuruş, are issued in 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kuruş, as well as a 1 lira coin. It is advisable to carry smaller denominations for use in taxis, small shops, and local markets, as change for larger notes is not always readily available.
💱 Currency Exchange
Currency can be exchanged at banks, official exchange offices (döviz), and hotels, though the best rates are usually found at authorised exchange offices. ATMs also dispense cash in lira, and many accept foreign cards. Airports and tourist hotspots sometimes offer less favourable rates, so it is worth shopping around for the best deal. Euros and US dollars are often accepted in tourist areas, but the exchange rate offered is usually unfavourable compared to paying directly in lira.
💳 Credit Cards
Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in larger towns and cities, especially in hotels, restaurants, and shops. Visa and Mastercard are the most commonly used, though American Express is less widely accepted. In smaller towns, rural areas, or for small purchases, cash is preferred, so carrying lira is essential. It is also advisable to inform your bank of your travel plans to avoid issues with card use abroad.
🏧 ATMs
ATMs are readily available throughout Turkey, including airports, shopping centres, and city streets. Most offer instructions in English, and many accept foreign debit and credit cards. However, some ATMs charge withdrawal fees, so it is worth checking with your bank before travelling. Be cautious when using ATMs in isolated areas and always shield your PIN. For security, withdraw money during daylight hours from machines located near banks.
Tipping
🍽️ Tipping in Restaurants
In restaurants, a service charge is not always included in the bill, and it is customary to leave a tip of around 5–10% if service is good. In more upmarket establishments, 10–15% is appropriate. Tips are generally left in cash directly for the waiter, even if you have paid by card.
🏨 Tipping in Hotels
In hotels, it is polite to tip the porter around 10–20 TRY per bag. Housekeeping staff may also be given a small tip of around 20–30 TRY for their services. Luxury hotels may expect slightly more, but tipping is always at the discretion of the guest.
🚕 Tipping in Taxis
Tipping taxi drivers is not obligatory in Turkey, but rounding up the fare to the nearest convenient amount is appreciated. For longer journeys, such as airport transfers, a small tip of 5–10% is a courteous gesture.
🧭 Tipping Guides and Drivers
Tour guides and private drivers often rely on tips as part of their income. For a day’s guided tour, tipping the guide between 150–250 TRY is considered reasonable, while drivers might be tipped 100–150 TRY for their service.
Communications
📶 Public WiFi
Public WiFi is increasingly available in Turkey, especially in cafés, restaurants, and shopping malls. However, speeds can vary, and open networks may not always be secure. Using a VPN is recommended for extra online safety.
🏨 Hotel WiFi
Most hotels in Turkey offer complimentary WiFi, although in some budget hotels, the connection may only be available in reception areas rather than in individual rooms. Higher-end hotels usually provide faster and more reliable service.
📱 Mobile Networks and SIM Cards
Tourists can purchase prepaid SIM cards from providers such as Turkcell, Vodafone, and Türk Telekom. Coverage is generally good, even in rural areas, though speeds may drop in remote regions. SIM cards can be bought at airports, mobile shops, or kiosks, but passports are required for registration.
Getting around
🚇 Public Transport
Turkey has a well-developed public transport network, particularly in large cities like Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. Options include buses, trams, metro systems, and ferries. Istanbul’s transport card (Istanbulkart) can be used across different modes, making it convenient for visitors.
🚕 Taxis
Taxis are widely available, but visitors should ensure the meter is used. In tourist areas, fixed rates may apply, but it is best to confirm before starting the journey. Apps such as BiTaksi and Uber operate in some cities, offering safer alternatives.
🚆 Trains
The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) operates an expanding network of high-speed trains linking cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Konya, and Eskisehir. Regional trains cover other parts of the country, though services may be slower and less frequent.
🚌 Coaches
Long-distance coaches are a popular way to travel between cities. Companies such as Kamil Koç, Metro Turizm, and Pamukkale offer comfortable services with onboard refreshments. Journeys can be long due to Turkey’s size, but they are cost-effective.
🚗 Driving and Local Laws
Driving in Turkey can be challenging due to busy roads and sometimes aggressive driving styles. An international driving permit is required alongside your national licence. Seat belts are mandatory, and drink-driving laws are strictly enforced with a blood alcohol limit of 0.05%. Speed limits vary: 50 km/h in towns, 90 km/h on open roads, and 120 km/h on motorways. Road tolls are electronic, so hire cars usually come equipped with the necessary device.
Health advice
💉 Diseases
Common health concerns in Turkey include traveller’s diarrhoea and seasonal influenza. While malaria is not a risk in most parts of the country, insect bites can still be an issue in warmer months.
🦠 Potential Health Issues
Heat exhaustion and sunburn are common during the hot summer months. Tap water is generally not recommended for drinking, and bottled water should be used. Food hygiene standards are generally good in established restaurants, but caution is advised with street food.
🏥 Healthcare Standards
Healthcare in major Turkish cities is of a high standard, with modern hospitals and clinics available. Many doctors and staff speak English. However, in rural areas, facilities may be more basic. Travellers should have travel insurance that covers private medical care.
🛡️ Insurance
Comprehensive travel insurance is strongly recommended, covering both medical expenses and emergency evacuation if needed. Tourists should ensure their policy includes cover for activities such as hiking, diving, or hot-air ballooning.
| Vaccine | Recommended For |
|---|---|
| Hepatitis A | All travellers |
| Hepatitis B | Long-term stays or medical work |
| Typhoid | Most travellers |
| Rabies | Extended rural stays or animal contact |
| Tetanus/Diphtheria | All travellers (booster advised) |
| Influenza | Seasonal travel |
Safety
🛡️ Crime
Petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag-snatching can occur, especially in tourist areas, bazaars, and crowded transport. Visitors should keep valuables secure and avoid displaying expensive items.
⚠️ General Safety Issues
Earthquakes are a risk in parts of Turkey, particularly around Istanbul and eastern regions. Tourists should be aware of emergency procedures in hotels and public buildings. Road safety is another concern, especially on rural roads at night.
📜 Local Laws
Offending religious sentiments, especially around mosques, is taken seriously. Drug offences carry severe penalties. Photographing military sites and personnel is prohibited. Alcohol is legal but has restrictions, particularly during religious holidays.
| Emergency Service | Number |
|---|---|
| Police | 155 |
| Ambulance | 112 |
| Fire Brigade | 110 |
| Coast Guard | 158 |
Climate
🌸 Spring (March–May)
Spring is one of the best times to visit Turkey, with pleasant temperatures and blooming landscapes. It is an ideal season for exploring historical sites and enjoying city walks.
☀️ Summer (June–August)
Summers can be very hot, especially in inland regions and the southeast, with temperatures often exceeding 35°C. Coastal areas are cooler and popular for beach holidays.
🍂 Autumn (September–November)
Autumn offers mild weather and fewer crowds, making it another excellent time to visit. This season is perfect for cultural tours and exploring the countryside.
❄️ Winter (December–February)
Winters are cold in inland areas with snow common in eastern Turkey, while coastal regions experience milder, wetter weather. Winter sports such as skiing are popular in Uludağ and Erzurum.
🎒 Packing Tips
Travellers should bring light clothing for summer, warm layers for winter, and modest attire for visiting mosques. A good pair of walking shoes is essential. Sunscreen and insect repellent are useful in warmer months.
📅 Best Time to Visit
The best times to visit are spring and autumn, when the weather is comfortable and attractions are less crowded. These seasons provide a balance of good weather and manageable tourist numbers.
| Season | Average Temperature | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Spring | 15–25°C | Sightseeing, culture |
| Summer | 25–35°C | Beaches, coastal trips |
| Autumn | 15–25°C | Cultural tours, hiking |
| Winter | 0–10°C (inland) | Skiing, city breaks |
Visa information
🛂 Visa Types
Most tourists require a visa to enter Turkey. The e-Visa is the most common, available online for short-term stays of up to 90 days within a 180-day period. There are also tourist visas, business visas, and longer-term residence permits depending on the nature of the visit.
🌐 Useful Links
Travellers can apply for an e-Visa through the official website www.evisa.gov.tr. It is recommended to apply before travel to avoid issues at the border. The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs also provides updated entry requirements and regulations on its official site.
Electrical
Which power plugs and sockets are used in Turkey?
In Europe, the power plugs and sockets are of type F. The standard voltage is 230 V and the standard frequency is 50 Hz. Check out the following pictures.
Type F: also known as “Schuko”. This socket also works with plug C and plug E.
 |
| Type F: This socket also works with plug C and E |