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- Capital: Cairo
- System: Democratic republic
- Area: Egypt covers approximately 1,010,408 square kilometers (390,121 square miles), making it the 30th largest country in the world.
- Population: Approximately 110-115 million people
- Languages: Arabic
- Religion: The dominant religion is Islam, with about 90% of the population being Sunni Muslims.
Egypt, a country rich in history and culture, is often regarded as the cradle of civilization. Located in northeastern Africa, it is home to some of the world’s most iconic monuments, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx, and the temples of Luxor and Karnak. The Nile River, the longest river in the world, has played a crucial role in Egypt’s development, providing fertile land for agriculture and serving as a vital transportation route for thousands of years. Ancient Egypt, with its powerful pharaohs, elaborate burial traditions, and remarkable advancements in writing, architecture, and engineering, continues to captivate historians and tourists alike.
Modern Egypt is a dynamic country that blends its ancient heritage with contemporary influences. Cairo, its capital and largest city, is a bustling metropolis filled with historic mosques, vibrant markets, and modern skyscrapers. The country’s economy is diverse, relying on tourism, agriculture, and the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and facilitates global trade. Despite economic challenges, Egypt remains a cultural hub in the Arab world, known for its music, literature, and film industry. With a population of over 100 million people, Egypt continues to evolve while preserving its rich legacy and significance in the global landscape.
Geography
Egypt is a transcontinental country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, with a small portion in Asia through the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Sudan to the south, Libya to the west, and Israel and the Red Sea to the east. The country is dominated by the vast Sahara Desert, with the Nile River serving as its lifeline, flowing from south to north and creating a fertile valley and delta that support agriculture and human settlement. The Nile divides Egypt into the Western Desert and the Eastern Desert, with the latter containing the Red Sea Hills and rich mineral resources. The Sinai Peninsula, a rugged mountainous region, connects Egypt to the Middle East. Egypt’s strategic location has historically made it a key trade and cultural hub between Africa, Asia, and Europe.
History
Egypt has a rich and ancient history that dates back over 5,000 years, making it one of the world’s oldest civilizations. It emerged along the fertile banks of the Nile River, where the early Egyptians developed agriculture, writing, and a centralized government. The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) saw the construction of the iconic pyramids, while the Middle and New Kingdoms expanded Egypt’s influence through military conquests and trade. Pharaohs like Ramses II and Tutankhamun left lasting legacies. Later, Egypt fell under Persian, Greek (led by Alexander the Great), and Roman rule, becoming a key province of the Roman and Byzantine empires. In 641 CE, Arab Muslims conquered Egypt, introducing Islam and Arabic. The country later became part of the Ottoman Empire, then a British protectorate, before gaining independence in 1952. Today, Egypt remains a cultural and political powerhouse in the Arab world, preserving its ancient heritage while embracing modern development.
Economy
Egypt’s economy is one of the largest and most diverse in Africa and the Middle East, driven by key sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry, and services. The country benefits from its strategic location, controlling the Suez Canal, a crucial global trade route. However, Egypt faces economic challenges, including high inflation, a growing population, and external debt. The government has implemented economic reforms, including subsidy cuts, currency devaluation, and infrastructure investments, to attract foreign investment and boost growth. Despite setbacks, sectors like renewable energy, construction, and natural gas exploration offer promising opportunities for economic development.
USEFUL INFORMATION
Currency & banking
1. Official Currency
- Egyptian Pound (EGP) (Arabic: الجنيه المصري, symbol: £E or LE, code: EGP)
- Subunits: 1 Pound = 100 Piastres (قرش)
2. Exchange Rates
- Exchange rates fluctuate, so it’s best to check a reliable source like banks, exchange bureaus, or websites such as XE or Google Finance.
- USD, EUR, and GBP are widely accepted for exchange.
3. Currency Exchange
- Exchange money at banks, hotels, official exchange offices, or ATMs.
- Avoid black market currency exchanges as they are illegal.
- Airports and hotels may have higher rates, so check multiple sources.
4. ATMs & Credit Cards
- ATMs are widely available in cities and tourist areas.
- Visa & MasterCard are widely accepted, but cash is preferred in local markets, taxis, and small businesses.
- Some ATMs offer USD & EUR withdrawals in tourist-heavy areas.
5. Cash vs. Card
- Cash is king in Egypt, especially for small purchases, taxis, tips (baksheesh), and local markets.
- Credit cards are accepted in hotels, upscale restaurants, and malls
Tipping
Tipping, or “baksheesh”, is a common practice in Egypt and is often expected in various situations. Here’s a guide to tipping for visitors:
General Tipping Guidelines
- Cash is preferred: Always carry small Egyptian pounds (EGP) for tipping.
- Tipping is expected but not mandatory: If you receive good service, a tip is appreciated.
- Foreign currency is okay, but EGP is better: Some people may accept USD, EUR, or GBP, but local currency is preferred.
How Much to Tip in Egypt?
| Service | Suggested Tip |
|---|---|
| Hotels | |
| Bellboy | 20-50 EGP per bag |
| Housekeeping | 20-50 EGP per night |
| Concierge | 50-100 EGP for special assistance |
| Restaurants & Cafés | |
| Waiter | 10-15% of the bill (sometimes a service charge is added but doesn’t go to staff) |
| Cafés | Round up the bill or leave 10 EGP+ |
| Transportation | |
| Taxi drivers | Round up the fare or add 10-20 EGP for good service |
| Uber & Careem drivers | 10-20 EGP, or tip in-app |
| Private drivers | 50-200 EGP per day, depending on service |
| Tour Guides & Services | |
| Private tour guide | 200-400 EGP per day |
| Tour driver | 100-200 EGP per day |
| Group tour guide | 50-100 EGP per person |
| Other Services | |
| Public restrooms | 5-10 EGP (some have attendants) |
| Mosque staff | 10-20 EGP if borrowing a robe or for general upkeep |
| Street performers | 10-20 EGP if taking photos or enjoying their act |
Additional Tips
- Check for service charges: Some restaurants add a service charge (12-14%), but it doesn’t always go to the staff. It’s still good to tip waiters directly.
- Be polite and discreet: Hand the tip over discreetly or place it in a tipping box when available.
- Tipping for small favors
Communications
When visiting Egypt, staying connected and informed is essential for a smooth travel experience. Here’s a detailed guide on communication options for tourists in Egypt:
1. Mobile Networks & SIM Cards
Egypt has three main mobile network providers offering reliable services across the country:
Purchasing a SIM Card:
- Tourists can buy prepaid SIM cards at airports, official stores, or kiosks in major cities.
- Passport identification is required for registration.
- Packages include data, calls, and SMS options.
- Prices range from EGP 200–500 (~$6-$15) depending on the plan.
2. Internet Access & WiFi
- WiFi Availability: Found in most hotels, cafes, restaurants, and malls, but speeds can vary.
- Pocket WiFi: Rental devices are available at the airport or online before arrival.
- Public Hotspots: Less common but available in tourist areas.
3. International Roaming
- Check with your home network provider for international roaming rates.
- Roaming can be expensive, so using a local SIM or eSIM is recommended.
4. eSIM for Tourists
- Some carriers, like Orange and Vodafone, offer eSIM options for tourists.
- eSIMs can be purchased online before arrival for convenience.
5. Emergency Contacts in Egypt
- Tourist Police: 126
- Emergency Services (Ambulance, Fire, Police): 112 or 122
- Embassies: Check your embassy’s contact details in Cairo.
6. Social Media & Messaging Apps
- WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and Telegram are widely used.
- Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime work normally.
- No major internet restrictions, but VPNs may help improve security.
Getting around
Getting around Egypt depends on your budget, time, and comfort level. Here’s a breakdown of the best ways to travel within the country:
1. Domestic Flights
- Best for: Long distances (e.g., Cairo to Luxor, Aswan, Hurghada, or Sharm El Sheikh)
- Airlines: EgyptAir, Air Cairo, Nile Air
- Pros: Fast and comfortable
- Cons: More expensive than other options
2. Trains
- Best for: Traveling between Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, and Aswan
- Types of Trains:
- Sleeper Trains: Recommended for long distances (Cairo–Luxor/Aswan)
- First & Second Class: Comfortable for shorter trips (Cairo–Alexandria)
- Booking: Online via the Egyptian National Railways website or at the station
3. Buses
- Best for: Budget travel between major cities
- Companies: Go Bus, Super Jet, Blue Bus
- Pros: Affordable, air-conditioned, decent comfort
- Cons: Can be slow due to traffic and road conditions
4. Microbuses & Shared Taxis
- Best for: Shorter distances within cities or between smaller towns
- Pros: Cheap and fast
- Cons: Crowded and sometimes unsafe
5. Metro (Cairo Only)
- Best for: Getting around Cairo quickly and avoiding traffic
- Cost: Very cheap (~EGP 5-10)
- Lines: Three main lines connecting major areas
6. Taxis & Ride-Sharing
- Uber & Careem: Safe and reliable options for short trips
- Taxis: Negotiate the price beforehand if no meter is used
7. Boats & Ferries
- Best for: Nile cruises (Luxor to Aswan) or Red Sea travel (Hurghada to Sharm El Sheikh)
- Options: Luxury cruises, feluccas (sailboats), public ferries
Health advice
The US Center For Disease Control maintains an updated list of medical advice for those travelling to Egypt
If you’re planning a trip to Egypt, here are some key health tips to ensure a safe and enjoyable visit:
1. Vaccinations & Medical Preparations
- Recommended vaccines:
- Hepatitis A & B – Protects against contaminated food and water.
- Typhoid – Important for food and water safety.
- Tetanus & Diphtheria – Ensure you’re up to date.
- Rabies – If you plan on visiting rural areas or handling animals.
- Influenza & COVID-19 – Keep these current.
- Malaria: Not a major concern, but bring insect repellent for general protection.
- Travel insurance: Ensure it covers medical emergencies.
2. Food & Water Safety
- Drink bottled or purified water – Tap water is not safe for drinking.
- Avoid ice unless you’re sure it’s from purified water.
- Stick to well-cooked food – Avoid raw seafood, undercooked meats, and street food unless it looks fresh and hygienic.
- Wash fruits and vegetables or peel them before eating.
3. Heat & Sun Protection
- Egypt is hot, especially from May to September.
- Stay hydrated – Drink plenty of water.
- Wear light, loose-fitting clothes, a hat, and sunglasses.
- Use sunscreen (SPF 30+) regularly.
- Avoid prolonged sun exposure between 12 PM – 3 PM.
4. Avoid Traveler’s Diarrhea
- Keep oral rehydration salts (ORS) on hand.
- Carry anti-diarrheal medication (like Imodium) and antibiotics if prescribed.
- Maintain good hand hygiene – Use hand sanitizer when necessary.
5. Insect Protection
- While malaria isn’t a major concern, dengue and other mosquito-borne illnesses exist.
- Use DEET-based repellent and wear long sleeves/pants in the evening.
Safety
Visiting Egypt can be an incredible experience with its rich history, vibrant culture, and stunning landmarks. However, like any travel destination, it’s important to stay informed about safety measures. Here are some key safety tips for tourists visiting Egypt:
General Safety Tips
Stay Updated on Travel Advisories
- Check your government’s travel advisory for Egypt before and during your trip.
- Follow news updates about the local situation.
Respect Local Laws & Customs
- Egypt is a conservative country; dress modestly, especially in religious sites.
- Avoid public displays of affection and be mindful of local etiquette.
Safety in Public Places & Tourist Areas
- Popular attractions like the Pyramids of Giza, Luxor, and the Red Sea resorts are generally safe.
- Be cautious of crowded areas to avoid pickpockets and scams.
Beware of Scams & Touts
- Be wary of overly friendly strangers offering unsolicited help.
- Only book tours and transport from reputable agencies.
- Negotiate taxi fares beforehand or use ride-hailing apps like Uber or Careem.
Emergency Contacts
- Police: 122
- Tourist Police: 126
- Ambulance: 123
- Your Embassy Contact Information
Egypt is a generally safe destination if you stay aware, respect local laws, and take common-sense precautions.
Climate
Egypt has a desert climate, characterized by hot summers, mild winters, and very little rainfall. Here’s a breakdown of the climate information for tourists visiting Egypt:
Seasons & Weather Conditions
1. Winter (December – February)
- Temperature: 10°C to 22°C (50°F to 72°F)
- Best for: Sightseeing, desert excursions, and exploring historical sites like the pyramids and temples.
- Tips: Bring light jackets for the evenings, as it can get chilly, especially in the desert.
2. Spring (March – May)
- Temperature: 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)
- Best for: Red Sea diving, exploring ancient sites, and visiting oases.
- Caution: The Khamsin Wind, a hot, dusty wind, can occur in April and May.
3. Summer (June – August)
- Temperature: 25°C to 40°C+ (77°F to 104°F+), with Upper Egypt (Luxor, Aswan) reaching up to 50°C (122°F).
- Best for: Red Sea resorts (Hurghada, Sharm El-Sheikh) as the coastal areas remain cooler.
- Caution: Avoid outdoor activities during midday due to extreme heat.
4. Autumn (September – November)
- Temperature: 20°C to 32°C (68°F to 90°F)
- Best for: Nile cruises, desert safaris, and sightseeing.
- Tips: Comfortable weather with decreasing temperatures makes it a great time to visit.
Regional Climate Variations
- Cairo & Giza: Hot summers, mild winters, little rainfall.
- Luxor & Aswan: Extremely hot summers, mild winters.
- Alexandria & Mediterranean Coast: More moderate temperatures with occasional winter rain.
- Red Sea Resorts (Sharm El-Sheikh, Hurghada): Warm year-round, great for diving and beach activities.
- Siwa & Western Desert: Cold nights in winter, scorching hot in summer.
Best Time to Visit
- October to April – Ideal for sightseeing, cultural exploration, and outdoor activities.
- May to September – Best for Red Sea beach vacations but extremely hot for sightseeing.
Visa information
Travellers planning to visit Egypt should be aware of the country’s visa requirements, which vary based on nationality and the nature of the visit. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you prepare for your trip:
General Visa Requirements:
Passport Validity: Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your intended date of arrival in Egypt.
Visa Requirement: Most visitors need a visa to enter Egypt. However, citizens of certain countries may be exempt or eligible for visa-on-arrival or e-Visa options.
Visa Options:
Visa on Arrival:
Eligibility: Citizens of many countries can obtain a single-entry 30-day tourist visa upon arrival at Egyptian airports.
Fee: The visa on arrival costs $25 USD, payable in cash.
Process: Upon landing, proceed to the designated visa-on-arrival counters before immigration to purchase your visa.
E-Visa:
Eligibility: Egypt offers an e-Visa system for citizens of various countries.
Application: Apply online through the official portal: Egypt e-Visa Portal.
Fee: The e-Visa fee is $25 USD for a single-entry visa.
Processing Time: It’s advisable to apply at least seven days before your intended travel date.
Visa Exemptions:
- Sinai Resorts: Travelers visiting Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba, or Taba for up to 15 days can receive a free entry permission stamp upon arrival. However, this permission restricts travel to other parts of Egypt. For extended stays or travel outside these areas, obtaining a visa is necessary.
Special Considerations:
Recent Updates: As of February 2025, Egypt has announced a visa fee waiver for tourists flying directly to Luxor and Aswan airports between May and October. This initiative aims to encourage tourism during the hotter months.
Electrical
Which power plugs and sockets are used in Egypt?
Egypt uses power outlets and plugs of types C & F. . All power sockets in Egypt provide a standard voltage of 220V with a standard frequency of 50Hz.
- Type C – The standard European plug. Commonly used in Europe, South-America and Asia, but also in quite a few other countries. Plugs of type E and F will also fit in a type C outlet.
- Type F – Used in almost all European countries and Russia. Also known as the Schuko plug. Plugs of type C and E will also fit in a type F socket.
